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Bucknell Physics 212 Supplement
Spring, 2022
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Contents
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Front Matter
0
Additional Problems
Exercises
1
Phasors, Phasor Diagrams, and Wave Interference
Introduction
A Phasor Diagram for a Single Oscillation
Phasors as Complex Numbers
Adding Phasors
Phasor Diagrams for Multiple Source Interference
Single-Slit Diffraction
Diffraction Limit
Diffraction Gratings
Problems
2
Beyond Classical Physics: Photons and Wave-Particle Duality
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
Three Great Failures of Classical Physics
Ultraviolet Catastrophe
Photons
Photons Interacting with Matter
Wave-Particle Duality
Problems
3
Waves, Probabilities, and Uncertainty
Introduction
Quantum Waves
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
The Stability of Atoms
Schrödinger's Wave Equation
Problems
4
Quantized Energies and Spectra
Introduction
Solutions for the Infinite Square Well
Semi-infinite Square Well Potential and Quantum Tunneling
Energy Bands
Absorption, Emission, and Spectroscopy
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
Problems
5
Quantum States and Spin
Introduction
State Representation for Quantum Systems
Quantum Measurements
Spin
State Representation for Spin
Spin Magnetic Moment in a Magnetic Field
Problems
6
Quantum Statistics and Applications
Introduction
Quantum Statistics
Relation between Statistics and Spin
Fermions and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
Bosons
Lasers
Superfluidity
Superconductivity
Back to the Original Question
Problems
7
Three-Dimensional Wavefunctions and Semiconductors
Introduction
Quantum in 3D
The Hydrogen Atom
Periodic Table
Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators
Diodes, Photodiodes, and LEDs
Problems
8
Quantum Entanglement
Introduction
Entangled Two-Particle States
Separable States
Bell States
EPR Paradox
Bell's Proposed Experiment
The Aspect Experiment
Problems
9
‘Elementary’ Particles and Conservation Laws
Introduction
Particle Types
Classification of Particles
Conservation Laws
Strangeness
The Eightfold Way and Quarks
Quarks
Problems
10
Fundamental Forces and Interactions
Introduction
The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature
Quantum Field Theory
Feynman Diagrams
Quark Color
Chromodynamics: The Theory of Colored Quarks
Interactions and Messenger Bosons
Problems
11
Fundamental Forces and Interactions II
Introduction
Feynman Diagrams and Particle Interactions
Particle Lifetimes
Grand Unified Theories (GUTs)
Universal Symmetry
Problems
12
Cosmology
Introduction
The Early Universe
Crucial Events of the Early Universe
Epochs of the Early Universe
Observational Tests
Problems
13
Answers to Selected Problems
Back Matter
Bibliography
Authored in PreTeXt
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Bibliography